NITRIC OXIDE AND FREE RADICALS

Nitric Oxide Products (click for new additions to this section)

NITRIC OXIDE

NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE ENZYME

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is an enzyme that catalyzes the production of nitric oxide via the conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline. There are three classes of NOS with widespread distribution in mammalian tissue. In brain, a constitutive NOS isotype (type I) is present. It contains an oxygenase and reductase domain separated by a calmodulin binding site. Enzymatic activity requires NADPH as the electron donor, FAD, FMN, (6R)-5,6,7,-tetrahydro-L-biopterin and calcium/calmodulin.

SE-126
Brain Nitric Oxide Synthase (rat, recombinant)
>95% by SDS-PAGE Storage: -70°C
Constitutive (type I) nitric oxide synthase (NOS) from a rat brain cDNA isotype. The enzyme is expressed in a baculovirus expression system in the presence of hemin^1-6. The enzyme is highly purified and has high catalytic activity (~0.5 µmol L-citrulline/mg/min at 37°C). Enzymatic reactions can be performed using 0.1 to 0.3 µg enzyme per assay. This product is a useful tool for studying NOS enzyme regulation, screening inhibitors and other applications. Supplied as 0.1 mg/ml.
10 µg
5 x 10 µg


NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE ISOTYPE-SPECIFIC PRIMER PAIRS

Each pair of primers will amplify an approximately 0.5 kb fragment from the reverse-transcribed mRNA of either human inducible NOS (Z-200), human endothelial NOS (Z-201) or human neuronal (brain) NOS (Z-202)⁷. The amplification is isotype-specific. A given pair will only amplify a fragment from the indicated isotype, not from the mRNA of the other two isotypes. Each set of primer pairs is supplied as 5 nmol each of the 5' and 3' primers, packaged in separate tubes. Sufficient for approximately 100 reactions at 50 µl with each primer at 1 µM. Lyophilized. Storage: -20°C or -70°C

Z-200
iNOS (NOS II) Primer Pair
1 Set

Z-201
eNOS (NOS III) Primer Pair
1 Set

Z-202
bNOS (NOS I) Primer Pair
1 Set


NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE INHIBITORS

CN-252
3-Bromo-7-nitroindazole
98% MW=242.0 [74209-34-0] Storage: RT
Potent inhibitor of rat cerebellar NO synthase⁸. IC₅₀ =0.17 µM.
10 mg
50 mg

EI-126
Dexamethasone
Dexamethasone and other glucocorticoids potently inhibit the induction of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the macrophage cell line J774⁹, EMT6 adenocarcinoma cells (IC₅₀=5 nM)¹⁰, endothelial cells¹¹ and in several tissues after treatment with LPS. Inhibition of NOS induction may be an important mechanism of the anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects of glucocorticoids⁹.


CN-240
Diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI)
98%, MW=315.6 [10182-84-0] Storage: RT
DPI is a potent, irreversible inhibitor of NO synthase (NOS). It has been shown to inhibit NOS in cultured peritoneal macrophages (IC₅₀=30 nM) as well as block acetylcholine-induced relaxation of rabbit aortic rings (IC₅₀=0.3 µM)¹². DPI also inhibits other NADPH-utilizing flavoproteins such as NADPH oxidase of human neutrophils¹³ and macrophages¹⁴ and represents a new class of inhibitor for studying NO physiology.
10 mg
5 x 10 mg

CN-260
S-Ethylisothiourea·HBr
98%, MW=185.1 [1071-37-0] Storage: RT
Potent cell-permeable inhibitor of iNOS (IC₅₀=82 nM in J774 cells¹⁵). Mouse iNOS IC₅₀=1 nM, bovine eNOS IC₅₀=370 nM, rat bNOS IC₅₀=250 nM¹⁵. K_i's using all human iNOS, eNOS and bNOS (19, 39 and 29 nM respectively) indicate doubtful selectivity²⁸.
100 mg
500 mg

CN-248
N(5)-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-ornithine·HCl (L-NIO)
>98%, MW=209.7 [36889-13-1] Storage: -20°C
L-NIO is approximately 5 times more potent as an inhibitor of endothelial cell NO synthase than other arginine analogs such as L-NAME and L-NMMA¹⁶. It inhibits NO production in endothelial cytosol (IC₅₀=0.5 µM), inhibits acetylcholine induced relaxation of rat aorta rings (IC₅₀=2 µM) and causes a dose-dependent increase in mean arterial blood pressure (EC₅₀=19.5 mg/kg) in the rat¹⁶.
10 mg
50 mg

CN-256
S-Methyl-L-thiocitrulline
98% MW=205.3 [156719-41-4] Storage:-20°C
Highly potent NO synthase inhibitor 17-fold more selective for rat bNOS (IC₅₀=47 nM) than eNOS¹⁷.
10 mg
50 mg

EI-182
L-N^G-Monomethylarginine, acetate salt (L-NMMA)
98%, MW=248.3 [53308-83-1] Storage: 0°C
L-NMMA competitively inhibits the generation of NO from arginine¹⁸ and is a useful tool for inhibition of NO mediated effects^19,20,21. In vitro, L-NMMA inhibits relaxation of rat aorta rings induced by acetylcholine (IC₅₀=9.5 µM). In vivo, it causes a dose dependent increase in mean arterial blood pressure in anesthetized rats (EC₅₀=16.7 mg/kg)¹⁶.
25 mg
5 x 25 mg

CN-241
D-N^G-Monomethylarginine (D-NMMA)
98%, MW=248.3 [137694-75-8] Storage: 0°C
D-NMMA is inactive as an inhibitor of NOS¹⁶ and may be used to explore non-specific effects²² of L-NMMA.
10 mg
5 x 10 mg

CN-258
L-NIL
L-N⁶-(1-Iminoethyl)-lysine (acetate salt)
99% MW=247.3 [150403-89-7] Storage: -20°C
Potent and selective inhibitor of iNOS. iNOS IC₅₀= 3.3 µM, bNOS IC₅₀= 92 µM²³. Antiinflammatory activity²⁴.
50 mg
250 mg

CN-242
L-N^G-Nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME)
98%, MW=269.7 [51298-62-5] Storage: 0°C
L-NAME is a commonly used competitive inhibitor of NO synthase which is more potent than L-NMMA. In vitro, L-NAME inhibits relaxation of rat aorta rings induced by acetylcholine (IC₅₀=0.54 µM). In vivo, it causes a dose dependent increase in mean arterial blood pressure in anesthetized rats (EC₅₀=2.47 mg/kg)¹⁶.
1 g
5 g

CN-243
D-N^G-Nitroarginine methyl ester·HCl (D-NAME)
98%, MW=269.7 [50912-92-0] Storage: 0°C
Inactive isomer of L-NAME for use as a negative control¹⁶.
200 mg $ 20.00
1 g

CN-249
7-Nitroindazole
>98%, MW=163.1 [2942-42-9] Storage: 0°C
7-Nitroindazole is a novel NO synthase inhibitor which is selective for the brain enzyme (IC₅₀=0.47 µM). It produces a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect following i.p. administration in mice (10-50 mg/kg) and is devoid of cardiovascular side effects^25-27.
100 mg
500 mg

CN-259
PBITU
S,S'-1,3-Phenylene-bis(1,2-ethanediyl)-bis-isothiourea?HBr
98%, MW=444.3, Storage: -20°C
Potent and selective inhibitor of iNOS. iNOS K_i=47 nM, eNOS K_i =9.0 µM²⁸.
50 mg

CN-257
L-Thiocitrulline·HCl
98% MW=227.7 [156719-37-8] Storage:-20°C
Highly potent NO synthase inhibitor more selective for bNOS (K_i=60 nM) than iNOS²⁹.
10 mg

CN-266
TRIM
1-(2-Trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole
98% MW=212.2 [25371-96-4] Storage: RT
Selectively inhibits bNOS and iNOS (IC₅₀=28.2 and 27 µM respectively) over eNOS (IC₅₀=1 mM)³⁰. Displays antinociceptive activity.
100 mg
500 mg

EI-249
Troleandomycin
98%, MW=814.0 [2751-09-9] Storage: RT
Troleandomycin inhibits cytochrome P-450 mediated NO release from N^G-hydroxy-L-arginine (92% inhibition at 20 µM)38.
1 g
5 g

CN-235
Zinc Protoporphyrin-9
97%, MW=626.1 [15442-64-5] Storage: -20°C
Carbon monoxide (CO) is an activator of guanylate cyclase³¹ which is produced in vivo via the action of heme oxygenase. Zinc protoporphyrin-9 is a potent, selective inhibitor of heme oxygenase (K_i=3 nM). It has recently been used to block CO biosynthesis and thereby lower cGMP concentrations in olfactory neuronal cultures³². It is an extremely useful tool to elucidate the role of CO in signal transduction and as a neurotransmitter³³.
20 mg
100 mg


NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE ANTIBODIES

SA-258
Anti-Endothelial Cell Nitric Oxide Synthase, Type III (eNOS)
Mouse monoclonal antibody, clone H32. Immunogen: Particulate endothelial type III NO synthase purified from cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. Supplied as purified IgG2a, 1 mg/ml. Recognizes eNOS 135 kDa protein in human, baboon, bovine, porcine, rat and mouse^34,35. No cross-reactivity to bNOS (type I) or iNOS (type II). Applications: WB 2 µg/ml (using alkaline phosphatase and BCIP/NBT), IH, IP and ELISA.
100 µg

SA-200
Anti-Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase, Type II (iNOS)
Rabbit polyclonal antibody. Immunogen: Mouse macrophage NOS peptide (1131-1144). Supplied as serum. Recognizes iNOS 130 kDa protein in human, rat and mouse. No cross-reactivity to eNOS or bNOS. Immunogen: Mouse macrophage NOS peptide (1131-1144). Applications: WB 1/2000, IC 1/500, IH 1/500.
25 µl
100 µl

SP-200
Anti-iNOS Control Peptide (1131-1144)
>95%, MW=1672.0, Storage: -20°C.
This is the immunizing peptide used to produce SA-200. Preincubation of this peptide with the anti-iNOS will effectively block specific immunostaining of experimental samples. This will allow discrimination between staining due to the presence of iNOS versus non-specific factors such as secondary antibody reactions and/or other variables. This control peptide has been tested for Western blotting. Suggested usage is 4 µg blocking peptide per 1 µl anti-serum. Supplied lyophilized.
100 µg

SA-201
Anti-Endothelial Cell Nitric Oxide Synthase, Type III (eNOS)
Rabbit polyclonal antibody. Immunogen: Bovine endothelial NOS peptide (599-613). Supplied as serum. Recognizes eNOS 140 kDa protein in human, rat and mouse. No cross-reactivity to iNOS or bNOS. Applications: WB 1/1000, IC 1/250.
25 µl
100 µl

SP-201
Anti-eNOS Control Peptide (599-613)
>95%, MW=1961.0, Storage: -20°C.
For use with antibody SA-201. This control peptide has been tested for Western blotting. Suggested usage is 4 µg blocking peptide per 1 µl anti-serum. Supplied lyophilized.
100 µg

SA-202
Anti-Brain Nitric Oxide Synthase, Type I (bNOS)
Rabbit polyclonal antibody. Immunogen: Rat brain NOS peptide (724-739). Supplied as serum. Recognizes bNOS 155 kDa protein in bovine, rat and mouse. No cross-reactivity to iNOS or eNOS. Applications: WB 1/1000, IH 1/500.
25 µl
100 µl

SP-202
Anti-bNOS Control Peptide (724-739)
>95%, MW=1959.0, Storage: -20°C.
For use with antibody SA-202. This control peptide has been tested for Western blotting. Suggested usage is 4 µg blocking peptide per 1 µl anti-serum. Supplied lyophilized.
100 µg

SK-001
Anti-Nitric Oxide Synthase Kit
Each kit contains 25 µl each of anti-iNOS (SA-200), -eNOS (SA-201) and -bNOS (SA-202) plus 100 µg each of their respective control peptides SP-200, SP-201 and SP-202.
1 kit


NO DONORS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS

CN-254
N,O-Diacetyl-N-hydroxy-4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide
98%, MW=291.7 Storage: -20°C
Releases nitroxyl (HNO) under physiological conditions. Potent vasorelaxant³⁶.
10 mg
50 mg

CN-225
N^G-Hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA)
98%, MW=250.3 [53054-07-2] Storage: -20°C
N^G-Hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA) is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of NO via NO synthase³⁷. NOHA can be efficiently oxidized to NO and citrulline by cytochrome P450, thus providing an alternate biosynthetic route for the production of NO³⁸.
5 mg
25 mg

CN-247
Hydroxyguanidine sulfate
>98%, MW=142.1 [13115-21-4] Storage: RT
Hydroxyguanidine reacts with NO forming an adduct which is a potent and stable vasodilator³⁹. Its actions are very similar to those of N^G-hydroxy-L-arginine on the potentiation and stabilization of NO⁴⁰.
20 mg
100 mg

CN-244
Molsidomine
98%, MW=242.0 [25717-80-0] Storage: 0°C
Molsidomine is an orally active, long acting, NO releasing vasodilator which requires hepatic metabolism for activity but which does not cause pharmacological tolerance⁴¹.
200 mg
1 g

CN-245
3-Morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1)
98%, MW=206.6 [33876-97-0] Storage: -20°C
SIN-1 is a metabolite of molsidomine which decomposes spontaneously in solution in the presence of oxygen, releasing NO and superoxide anion under physiological conditions⁴⁶. Since NO and superoxide react to form peroxynitrite, SIN-1 may actually produce peroxynitrite under physiological conditions⁴². It is a potent vasodilator⁴³ and inhibitor of platelet aggregation⁴⁴ and produces significant protective effects in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion⁴⁵. The effects of SIN-1 are markedly attenuated by nitroglycerin-induced tolerance⁴³.
20 mg
100 mg

CN-210
(?-S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP)
98%, MW=220.3 [79032-48-7] Storage: -20°C
SNAP is an extremely useful NO donor which spontaneously releases NO under physiological conditions⁴⁶. It is a potent vasodilator in vitro⁴⁷ and in vivo⁴⁸ that does not induce pharmacological tolerance⁴⁸. It relaxes isolated bovine coronary artery rings with an EC₅₀=0.13 µM⁴³. It also inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell mitogenesis and proliferation⁴⁹ and inhibits leukocyte adherence to endothelium⁵⁰. The unique NO releasing properties of SNAP make it an ideal agent for studying the pharmacological and physiological actions of NO. Half-life in aqueous medium exposed to air is 4.6 hours⁵¹.
20 mg
100 mg

CN-253
S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO)
98%, MW=336.3 [57564-91-7] Storage: -20°C
A useful NO donor which spontaneously releases NO under physiological conditions⁵². It selectively inhibits platelet activation⁵³ and displays cardioprotective effects⁵⁴. It inhibits NF-kB activation^55,56, inhibits endothelial cell proliferation⁵⁷ and induces apoptosis in T cells⁵⁸.
10 mg
50 mg

CN-263
NOR-1
98% MW=231.2 Storage: -20°C
A novel non-thiol-based NO donor which releases NO under physiological conditions with a half-life of 1.7 minutes⁵⁹.
10 mg

CN-264
NOR-3
98% MW=215.2 Storage: -20°C
A novel non-thiol-based NO donor which releases NO under physiological conditions with a half-life of 30 minutes⁵⁹.
10 mg

CN-265
NOR-4
98% MW=306.3 Storage: -20°C
A novel non-thiol-based NO donor which releases NO under physiological conditions with a half-life of 60 minutes⁵⁹.
10 mg

CN-255
Furoxan
4-Phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile
98% MW=187.0 Storage: -20°C
A novel NO donor which only releases NO in the presence of thiols. It is a potent vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation^60,61.
10 mg
50 mg

EI-138
Streptozotocin
98%, MW=265.2 [18883-66-4] Storage: -20°C
Streptozotocin is an N-nitroso containing glucose derivative which has been reported to act as an NO donor and vasorelaxant⁶². It relaxes phenylephrine-contracted aortic rings at 10 µM⁶³.
CN-250
Tetrahydrobiopterin (THB)
(6R)-5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-L-biopterin?HCl
98%, MW=314.2 [17528-72-2] Storage: -20°C
THB is a cofactor for NO synthase⁶⁴.
20 mg
100 mg


NO INHIBITORS

CN-262
Carboxy-PTIO
2-(4-Carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide, potassium salt
99%, MW=315.4 [148819-94-7] Storage: -20°C
Carboxy-PTIO reacts stoichiometrically with NO thereby blocking NO mediated processes such as vasorelaxation⁶⁵. It can be used to quantify NO using ESR spectrometry⁶⁶.
10 mg
5 x 10 mg

CN-200
LY 83583
6-Anilino-5,8-quinolinedione
97%, MW=250.3 [88107-10-2] Storage: 0°C
LY 83583 inhibits nitric oxide-induced activation of soluble guanylate cyclase (IC₅₀=2 µM) in a dose-dependent and reversible manner⁶⁷. It blocks acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation⁶⁸.
5 mg
25 mg


FREE RADICALS

ANTIOXIDANTS

FR-100
U-74389G
21-(4-(2,6-di-1-Pyrrolidinyl-4-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazinyl)-pregna-1,4,9(11)-triene-3,20-dione (Z)-2-butenedioate
98%, MW=726.9 [153190-29-5] Storage: -20°C
Lazaroids such as the 21-aminosteroid U-74389G are a new class of superoxide and free radical lipid peroxidation inhibitors. U-74389G inhibits lipid peroxidation in a variety of experimental systems including cultured brain microvessel endothelial cells⁶⁹, Cu²⁺ treated monocytic THP1 cells⁷⁰, and LLC-PK1 cell layers where it blocks F₂ isoprostane production⁷¹. U-74389G prevented organ damage in intestinal cold storage and preservation⁷² and reperfusion injury^73,74.
100 mg
500 mg

FR-101
U-83836E
(-)2-((4-(2,6-di-1-Pyrrolidinyl-4-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazinyl)methyl)-3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol dihydrochloride
98%, MW=611.7 [122003-11-6] Storage: -20°C
The lazaroid U-83836E prevents hydrogen peroxide-induced F₂ isoprostane production in renal proximal tubular cells⁷¹, prevents free radical mediated effects of oxyhemoglobin on vascular smooth muscle⁷⁵ and reduces secondary brain injury in a rabbit model of cryogenic trauma⁷⁶ .
100 mg
500 mg


ANTIBODIES

SA-115
Anti-Catalase
Rabbit polyclonal antibody. Immunogen: Highly purified catalase from bovine liver. Supplied as purified IgG, 10 mg/ml. Recognizes catalase from other tissues and species. ELISA.
10 mg
5 x 10 mg

SA-117
Anti-Cu²⁺/Zn²⁺ Superoxide dismutase (Cu²⁺/Zn²⁺ SOD)
Rabbit polyclonal antibody. Immunogen: Highly purified SOD from bovine erythrocytes. Supplied as purified IgG, 10 mg/ml. Recognizes Cu²⁺/Zn²⁺ SOD from a variety of species. Applications: ELISA.
10 mg
5 x 10 mg


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